城市产业水污染控制优化研究--以株洲市为例

针对城市产业水污染状况,应用产业结构和工业行业结构优化模型,试图找出城市产业结构调整方法.研究以株洲市为例,根据株洲市产业结构和行业结构特点对模型进行改进和最优化计算.计算结果表明,产业和行业生产用水的调整可以减少废水排放量和实现经济增长.在此基础上,提出了株洲市产业和行业调整方案,以期实现城市经济发展与环境保护协调发展.     

低成本含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的研究进展

低成本含磷材料包括磷灰石、骨粉、无机磷肥及无机磷酸盐,其对环境重金属污染的修复值得引起生态学、环境学更广泛的重视.详细介绍了:(1)各类低成本含磷材料结构性质;(2)含磷材料在修复土壤、沉积物、水体重金属污染方面的应用;(3)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的机理及影响因素;(4)含磷材料修复环境重金属污染的效果评价等方面的研究进展及发展前景.     

Preliminary 3-D site-scale studies of radioactive colloid transport in the unsaturated zone at Yucca Mountain,Nevada

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is actively investigating the technical feasibility of permanent disposal of high-level nuclear waste in a repository to be situated in the unsaturated zone (UZ) at Yucca Mountain (YM), Nevada. In this study we investigate, by means of numerical simulation, the transport of radioactive colloids under ambient conditions from the potential repository horizon to the water table. The site hydrology and the effects of the spatial distribution of hydraulic and transport properties in the Yucca Mountain subsurface are considered. The study of migration and retardation of colloids accounts for the complex processes in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, and includes advection, diffusion, hydrodynamic dispersion, kinetic colloid filtration, colloid straining, and radioactive decay. The results of the study indicate that the most important factors affecting colloid transport are the subsurface geology and site hydrology, i.e., the presence of faults (they dominate and control transport), fractures (the main migration pathways), and the relative distribution of zeolitic and vitric tuffs. The transport of colloids is strongly influenced by their size (as it affects diffusion into the matrix, straining at hydrogeologic unit interfaces, and transport velocity) and by the parameters of the kinetic-filtration model used for the simulations. Arrival times at the water table decrease with an increasing colloid size because of smaller diffusion, increased straining, and higher transport velocities. The importance of diffusion as a retardation mechanism increases with a decreasing colloid size, but appears to be minimal in large colloids.     

Large outdoor chamber experiments and computer simulations: (I) Secondary organic aerosol formation from the oxidation of a mixture of d-limonene and α-pinene

This work merges kinetic models for α-pinene and d-limonene which were individually developed to predict secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from these compounds. Three major changes in the d-limonene and α-pinene combined mechanism were made. First, radical–radical reactions were integrated so that radicals formed from both individual mechanisms all reacted with each other. Second, all SOA model species from both compounds were used to calculate semi-volatile partitioning for new semi-volatiles formed in the gas phase. Third particle phase reactions for particle phase α-pinene and d-limonene aldehydes, carboxylic acids, etc. were integrated. Experiments with mixtures of α-pinene and d-limonene, nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), and diurnal natural sunlight were carried out in a dual 270 m³ outdoor Teflon film chamber located in Pittsboro, NC. The model closely simulated the behavior and timing for α-pinene, d-limonene, NO, NO₂, O₃ and SOA. Model sensitivities were tested with respect to effects of d-limonene/α-pinene ratios, initial hydrocarbon to NO_x (HC₀/NO_x) ratios, temperature, and light intensity. The results showed that SOA yield (Y_SOA) was very sensitive to initial d-limonene/α-pinene ratio and temperature. The model was also used to simulate remote atmospheric SOA conditions that hypothetically could result from diurnal emissions of α-pinene, d-limonene and NO_x. We observed that the volatility of the simulated SOA material on the aging aerosol decreased with time, and this was consistent with chamber observations. Of additional importance was that our simulation did not show a loss of SOA during the daytime and this was consistent with observed measurements.     

宁波市危险废物管理、处置现状和对策

对宁波市危险废物现状进行了调查,分析了危险废物的来源、产量、特征及存在的主要问题.在此基础上,提出了宁波市危险废物管理处置对策,具体包括:加强危险废物申报登记工作;健全宁波市危险废物管理法律体系和监督管理机构;建立合理的危险废物收费制度;源头控制危险废物污染和建设危险废物集中处置场等.     

活性炭颗粒填充三维电极电化学烟气脱硫的研究

基于三维电极电化学技术较高的反应效率和不产生废弃物等优点,将这一先进的反应器运用到烟气脱硫领域.用活性炭作为工作电极,在通电状况下,将模拟烟气通入反应器发生反应.通过一系列试验,分析了填充床厚度、槽电压、进气流量、通电时间对脱硫率的影响,并且探讨了该反应的反应原理.     

SBR法降解高浓油脂废水的活性污泥菌驯化及小型连续处理

根据高浓度油脂废水生物降解处理采用酵母一级处理-SBR法二级处理的连续净化工艺的要求,使用规模为20 L的SBR反应器对城市生活污水处理用的活性污泥进行强制性驯化,并以驯化的活性污泥菌直接应用于SBR法处理含油废水.实验发现该小型SBR法的工艺技术方案可行,系统抗冲击负荷能力强,整个系统运行比较稳定,对于含高浓度油脂的油脂精练加工厂实际排放污水处理效果良好,油脂和COD的去除率分别连续稳定在95%和90%以上,出水水质指标达到国家一级排放标准的要求.     

Impact of meteorology and energy structure on solvent extractable organic compounds of PM2.5 in Beijing, China

Twenty-eight PM2.5 samples collected in Summer (July 2002) and Winter (November 2002) at two sites in Beijing, China were analyzed using GC/MS to investigate the impact of meteorology and coal burning on the solvent extractable organic compounds (SEOC). The characteristics and abundance of the n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-fatty acids and n-alkanols were determined. Source identification was made using organic species as molecular markers. Semi-volatile compounds of alkanes and PAHs had much higher concentrations in winter than summer because of the large difference in the temperature between the seasons. Plant wax emission was a major contributor to n-alkanes in summer, but fossil fuel residue was a major source (>80%) in winter. The seasonal differences in the distribution of pentacyclic triterpanes clearly shows the impact of coal burning for space heating in winter. The yield of PAHs in winter (148 ng m(-3) at the urban site and 277 ng m(-3) at the suburban site) was six to eight times higher than that in summer and was found to be mainly from coal burning. Higher pollutant concentrations were measured at the suburban site than the urban site in winter due to the rapid expansion of the city limit and the relocation of factories from urban to suburban areas over the last two decades.     

高铁酸钾降解苯酚的机制研究

借助高效液相色谱(HPLC),通过标准物比对法和添加标准物法,研究了高铁酸钾降解苯酚的开环产物.结果表明,高铁酸钾降解苯酚的主要稳定的中间产物有顺丁烯二酸、反丁烯二酸、草酸和甲酸.并据此推导出苯酚被高铁酸钾氧化降解的可能途径.     

微波辅助催化湿式氧化技术降解高浓度苯酚废水

以纳米CuO为催化荆,采用微波辅助催化湿式过氧化氢氧化方法对高浓度苯酚废水(1 000 mg/L)进行降解处理,并与传统的催化湿式过氧化氢氧化技术进行比较,研究了微波强化作用对该技术的处理工艺条件、降解效率及机制的影响.结果表明,在微波的辅助作用下,当温度仅为60℃、压力为0.3 MPa时,催化湿式氧化反应15.0 min,苯酚废水的TOC去除率即达到90.8%.这表明微波促使催化湿式氧化反应可以在温和的条件下实现,而且效率高、速率快.进一步的降解机制研究发现,在微波的作用下,苯酚于2.0min内完全氧化转化,主要发生直接开环反应,生成短链羧酸,所经历氧化过程更为简单.